Man shafawa / mai rufewa / aikace-aikacen hana harshen wuta
Fagen gini:Shigar da ƙofofin wuta, firewalls, da allunan kashe gobara
Filin lantarki da lantarki:Allon da'ira, kayan lantarki
Masana'antar motoci:Kujeru, allon kwamfuta, da kuma bangarorin ƙofa
Filin sararin samaniya:Kayan aikin jiragen sama, tsarin sararin samaniya
Kayayyakin gida:Kayan daki, benaye, fuskar bangon waya
Tef ɗin Canja wurin Manne Mai Rage Wuta:Yana da kyau ga karafa, kumfa da robobi kamar polyethylene
Aikin Masu Rage Wuta
Masu hana wuta suna hana ko jinkirta yaɗuwar wuta ta hanyar danne halayen sinadarai a cikin harshen wuta ko kuma ta hanyar samar da wani tsari mai kariya a saman wani abu.
Ana iya haɗa su da kayan tushe (masu rage harshen wuta mai ƙari) ko kuma a haɗa su da sinadarai (masu rage harshen wuta mai amsawa). Masu rage harshen wuta mai ma'adinai galibi ƙari ne yayin da mahaɗan halitta na iya zama ko dai masu amsawa ko masu ƙari.
Tsarin Manna Mai Rage Gobara
Gobara tana da matakai huɗu yadda ya kamata:
Farawa
Girma
Tsarin Jiki Mai Kyau, da kuma
Rushewa
Kwatanta Zafin Lalacewa na Manna Na'urar Thermoset Na Musamman
Tare da Waɗanda Aka Kai Su A Matakai Daban-daban Na Wuta
Kowace jiha tana da yanayin zafi mai kyau kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto. Wajen tsara manne mai hana gobara, masu tsarawa dole ne su yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don samar da juriya ga zafin jiki a matakin wuta da ya dace don amfani:
● A fannin kera na'urorin lantarki, misali, manne dole ne ya danne duk wani yanayin da bangaren lantarki ke fuskanta na kamawa da wuta - ko kuma ya fara - idan akwai matsala a yanayin zafi.
● Don tayal ko bangarori masu ɗaurewa, manne yana buƙatar tsayayya da rabuwa a lokacin girma da yanayin da ya dace, koda lokacin da yake hulɗa kai tsaye da harshen wuta.
● Dole ne kuma su rage gurɓataccen iskar gas da hayakin da ke fitowa. Tsarin da ke ɗauke da kaya zai iya fuskantar dukkan matakai huɗu na wutar.
Iyakance Zagayen Konewa
Domin iyakance zagayowar ƙonewa, dole ne a cire ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin da ke haifar da gobara ta hanyar ɗayan waɗannan:
● Kawar da man fetur mai canzawa, kamar ta hanyar sanyaya
● Samar da shingen zafi, kamar ta hanyar ƙona wuta, ta haka ne za a kawar da mai ta hanyar rage canja wurin zafi, ko
● Kashe halayen sarkar a cikin harshen wuta, ta hanyar ƙara masu tattara tsattsauran ra'ayi masu dacewa
Ƙarin abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta suna yin hakan ta hanyar yin aiki ta hanyar sinadarai da/ko ta jiki a cikin matakin da aka taƙaice (mai ƙarfi) ko kuma a cikin yanayin iskar gas ta hanyar samar da ɗayan ayyuka masu zuwa:
●Masu ƙirƙira:Galibi mahaɗan phosphorus ne, waɗanda ke cire tushen man fetur na carbon kuma suna samar da wani Layer na kariya daga zafin wutar. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na samar da char:
Sake juya halayen sinadarai da ke tattare da rugujewa don fifita halayen da ke samar da carbon maimakon CO ko CO2 da
Samar da wani Layer na kariya daga iska
●Masu shaye-shayen zafi:Yawanci ƙarfe yana da ruwa, kamar aluminum trihydrate ko magnesium hydroxide, wanda ke cire zafi ta hanyar fitar da ruwa daga tsarin mai hana harshen wuta.
●Masu kashe wuta:Yawanci tsarin halogen mai tushen bromine ko chlorine wanda ke tsoma baki ga halayen wuta.
● Masu haɗin gwiwa:Yawancin lokaci antimony mahadi, wanda ke inganta aikin mai kashe harshen wuta.
Muhimmancin Masu Hana Wuta a Kare Gobara
Masu hana wuta muhimmin bangare ne na kare wuta domin ba wai kawai suna rage barazanar fara wuta ba, har ma da yaduwarta. Wannan yana kara lokacin tserewa, don haka yana kare mutane, dukiya, da muhalli.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don kafa manne a matsayin mai hana wuta. Bari mu fahimci rarrabuwar masu hana wuta dalla-dalla.
Bukatar manne mai hana gobara yana ƙaruwa kuma amfani da su ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu, ciki har da jiragen sama, gini, kayan lantarki da sufuri na jama'a (musamman jiragen ƙasa).
1: Don haka, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sharuɗɗa shine a kasance masu jure wuta/ba sa ƙonewa ko kuma, mafi kyau duka, hana wuta - mai hana wuta yadda ya kamata.
2: Bai kamata manne ya fitar da hayaki mai yawa ko guba ba.
3: Manna yana buƙatar kiyaye ingancin tsarinsa a yanayin zafi mai yawa (yana da juriya mai kyau ga zafin jiki gwargwadon iko).
4: Bai kamata kayan manne da suka ruɓe su ƙunshi guba daga cikin kayan ba.
Da alama babban tsari ne na samar da manne wanda zai iya dacewa da waɗannan buƙatun - kuma a wannan matakin, ba a ma yi la'akari da ɗanko, launi, saurin warkarwa da hanyar da aka fi so ta warkewa, cike gibin, aikin ƙarfi, ƙarfin watsa zafi, da marufi ba. Amma masana kimiyyar kere-kere na ci gaba suna jin daɗin ƙalubale mai kyau don haka KU KAWO SHI!
Dokokin muhalli sun fi dacewa da masana'antu da yankuna na musamman
An gano cewa wani babban rukuni na magungunan hana harshen wuta da aka yi nazari a kansu suna da kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli da lafiya. Waɗannan su ne:
● Ammonium polyphosphate
● Aluminum diethylphosphinate
● Aluminum hydroxide
● Magnesium hydroxide
● Melamine polyphosphate
● Dihydrooxaphosphaphenanthrene
● Sinadarin zinc
● Zinc hydroxstannate
Rashin ƙarfin harshen wuta
Ana iya ƙirƙirar manne don dacewa da sikelin hana gobara mai zamiya - ga cikakkun bayanai game da rarrabuwar Gwajin Dakunan Gwaji na Underwriters. A matsayinmu na masana'antun manne, muna ganin buƙatun galibi don UL94 V-0 kuma lokaci-lokaci don HB.
UL94
● HB: ƙonewa a hankali akan samfurin kwance. Yawan ƙonewa <76mm/min don kauri <3mm ko ƙonewa yana tsayawa kafin 100mm
● V-2: ƙonewa (a tsaye) yana tsayawa cikin ƙasa da daƙiƙa 30 kuma duk wani digo na iya kama da wuta
● V-1: ƙonewa (a tsaye) yana tsayawa cikin ƙasa da daƙiƙa 30, kuma an yarda a yi diga (amma dole ne a yi amfani da shi)bayana ƙonewa)
● Kona V-0 (a tsaye) yana tsayawa cikin ƙasa da daƙiƙa 10, kuma an yarda a yi diga (amma dole ne a yi amfani da shi)bayana ƙonewa)
● Konewar 5VB (samfurin plaque a tsaye) yana tsayawa cikin ƙasa da daƙiƙa 60, babu digo; samfurin na iya samun rami.
● 5VA kamar yadda aka ambata a sama amma ba a yarda ya haifar da rami ba.
Rarrabuwa biyu na ƙarshe za su shafi allon da aka haɗa maimakon samfurin manne.
Gwajin yana da sauƙi kuma baya buƙatar kayan aiki masu inganci, ga tsarin gwaji na asali:
Zai iya zama da wahala a yi wannan gwajin a kan wasu manne kawai. Musamman ga manne waɗanda ba za su warke yadda ya kamata ba a wajen haɗin gwiwa da aka rufe. A wannan yanayin, za ku iya gwadawa ne kawai tsakanin abubuwan da aka haɗa. Duk da haka, ana iya warkar da manne epoxy da manne UV a matsayin samfurin gwaji mai ƙarfi. Sannan, saka samfurin gwajin a cikin muƙamuƙin manne. Ajiye bokitin yashi kusa, kuma muna ba da shawarar yin hakan sosai a lokacin cirewa ko a cikin kabad na hayaki. Kada ku kunna duk wani ƙararrawa na hayaki! Musamman waɗanda aka haɗa kai tsaye zuwa ga ayyukan gaggawa. Kama samfurin a wuta kuma ku ɗauki tsawon lokacin da wutar za ta kashe. Duba duk wani digo a ƙasa (da fatan, kuna da tire mai yuwuwa a wurin; in ba haka ba, sai an yi kyau a saman aiki).
Masana kimiyyar sinadarai suna haɗa wasu ƙarin abubuwa don yin manne mai hana wuta - kuma wani lokacin ma don kashe harshen wuta (kodayake wannan fasalin yana da wahalar cimmawa a zamanin yau, inda masana'antun kayayyaki da yawa yanzu ke neman samfuran da ba su da halogen).
Ƙarin abubuwa don manne masu jure wa wuta sun haɗa da
● Haɗakar sinadarai masu samar da sinadarai masu kama da sinadarai waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage zafi da hayaki da kuma kare kayan da ke ƙasa daga ci gaba da ƙonewa.
● Masu shaƙar zafi, waɗannan sinadarai ne na ƙarfe na yau da kullun waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen ba wa manne kyawawan halaye na zafi (sau da yawa, ana zaɓar manne masu hana wuta don amfani da manne mai zafi inda ake buƙatar matsakaicin ƙarfin zafi).
Daidaito ne mai kyau domin waɗannan ƙarin abubuwan za su haifar da tsangwama ga wasu kaddarorin manne kamar ƙarfi, rheology, saurin warkarwa, sassauci da sauransu.
Akwai bambanci tsakanin manne mai jure wa wuta da manne mai jure wa wuta?
Eh! Akwai. An yi magana a kan kalmomin biyu a cikin labarin, amma wataƙila ya fi kyau a daidaita labarin.
manne masu jure wuta
Waɗannan galibi samfura ne kamar simintin manne mara tsari da kuma abin rufe fuska. Ba sa ƙonewa kuma suna jure yanayin zafi mai tsanani. Amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan samfuran sun haɗa da, tanderun fashewa, tanda da sauransu. Ba sa yin komai don dakatar da ƙonewa. Amma suna yin aiki mai kyau na haɗa dukkan ɓangarorin da ke ƙonewa wuri ɗaya.
manne mai hana gobara
Waɗannan suna taimakawa wajen kashe wutar da kuma rage yaɗuwar wutar.
Masana'antu da yawa suna neman irin waɗannan nau'ikan manne
● Lantarki- don tukunya da na'urorin lantarki masu lulluɓewa, na'urorin dumama da aka haɗa, allon da'ira da sauransu. Tsarin gajeren da'ira na lantarki na iya haifar da wuta cikin sauƙi. Amma PCBs suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu hana wuta - sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci cewa manne suma suna da waɗannan kaddarorin.
● Gine-gine- rufin da bene (musamman a wuraren jama'a) galibi dole ne a yi amfani da su ba tare da ƙonewa ba kuma a haɗa su da manne mai hana gobara.
● Sufuri na jama'a– karusan jirgin ƙasa, cikin bas, trams da sauransu. Aikace-aikacen manne masu hana harshen wuta sun haɗa da bangarorin haɗin gwiwa, bene, da sauran kayan aiki da kayan haɗi. Ba wai kawai manne ɗin yana taimakawa wajen dakatar da yaɗuwar wuta ba. Amma suna samar da haɗin gwiwa mai kyau ba tare da buƙatar manne na inji mara kyau (kuma mai ƙarfi) ba.
● Jirgin Sama– kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, kayan cikin ɗakin suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri. Dole ne su kasance masu hana gobara kuma ba sa cika ɗakin da hayaƙi baƙi yayin gobara.
Ma'auni da Hanyoyin Gwaji don Masu Hana Wutar Lantarki
Ma'auni da suka shafi gwajin wuta an yi su ne don tantance aikin wani abu dangane da harshen wuta, hayaki, da guba (FST). An yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje da dama don tantance juriyar kayan ga waɗannan yanayi.
Gwaje-gwajen da aka zaɓa don masu hana harshen wuta
| Juriya ga Ƙonewa | |
| ASTM D635 | "Yawan Ƙonewar Roba" |
| ASTM E162 | "Ƙarfin ƙonewa na Kayan Roba" |
| UL 94 | "Ƙarfin ƙonewa na Kayan Roba" |
| ISO 5657 | "Kunawar Kayayyakin Gine-gine" |
| BS 6853 | "Yaɗa Wuta" |
| FAR 25.853 | "Matsayin Kula da Jiragen Sama - Tsarin Cikin Gida" |
| NF T 51-071 | "Ma'aunin Iskar Oxygen" |
| NF C 20-455 | "Gwajin Wayar Haske" |
| DIN 53438 | "Yaɗa Wuta" |
| Juriya ga Zazzabi Mai Tsanani | |
| BS 476 Sashe Na 7 | "Yaɗuwar Wutar Sama - Kayan Gini" |
| DIN 4172 | "Halayen Wuta na Kayan Gini" |
| ASTM E648 | "Murfin Bene - Rawanin Haske" |
| Guba | |
| SMP 800C | "Gwajin Guba" |
| BS 6853 | "Fitar da Hayaki" |
| NF X 70-100 | "Gwajin Guba" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Yawan Hayaki" |
| Samar da Hayaki | |
| BS 6401 | "Takamaiman Yawan Hayaki Mai Kaifi" |
| BS 6853 | "Fitar da Hayaki" |
| NES 711 | "Ma'aunin Hayaki na Kayayyakin Konewa" |
| ASTM D2843 | "Yawan hayaki daga robobi masu ƙonewa" |
| ISO CD5659 | "Takamaiman Yawan Haske - Samar da Hayaki" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Yawan Hayaki" |
| DIN 54837 | "Tsarin Hayaki" |
Gwajin Juriya ga Ƙonewa
A mafi yawan gwaje-gwajen da ke auna juriyar ƙonewa, manne masu dacewa su ne waɗanda ba sa ci gaba da ƙonewa na tsawon wani lokaci mai tsawo bayan an cire tushen ƙonewa. A cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, samfurin manne da aka warke za a iya kunna shi ba tare da la'akari da duk wani manne ba (ana gwada manne a matsayin fim kyauta).
Ko da yake wannan hanyar ba ta kwaikwayon gaskiyar aiki ba, tana samar da bayanai masu amfani kan juriyar mannewa ga ƙonewa.
Ana iya gwada samfuran tsarin manne da manne. Waɗannan sakamakon na iya zama mafi wakilcin aikin manne a cikin ainihin wuta tunda gudummawar da manne ya bayar na iya zama ko dai mai kyau ko mara kyau.
Gwajin Ƙona Tsaye na UL-94
Yana bayar da kimantawa ta farko game da ƙarfin ƙonewa da digowar polymers da ake amfani da su a kayan lantarki, na'urorin lantarki, kayan aiki, da sauran aikace-aikace. Yana magance irin waɗannan halaye na amfani da ƙarshen wuta, saurin ƙonewa, yaɗuwar harshen wuta, gudummawar mai, ƙarfin ƙonawa, da samfuran ƙonewa.
Aiki da Saita - A cikin wannan gwajin, an sanya samfurin fim ko abin rufe fuska a tsaye a cikin wani wuri mai ɓoyewa. Ana sanya na'urar ƙona wuta a ƙarƙashin samfurin na tsawon daƙiƙa 10 kuma ana ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da zai yi aiki. Duk wani digo da ya kunna audugar tiyata da aka sanya inci 12 a ƙasa da samfurin an lura da shi.
Jarabawar tana da rarrabuwa da dama:
94 V-0: Babu wani samfurin da ke da ƙonewa mai zafi fiye da daƙiƙa 10 bayan ƙonewa. Samfuran ba sa ƙonewa har zuwa maƙallin riƙewa, suna digawa da kunna audugar, ko kuma suna da ƙonewa mai haske na tsawon daƙiƙa 30 bayan cire harshen gwajin.
94 V-1: Babu wani samfurin da zai yi ƙonewa mai zafi sama da daƙiƙa 30 bayan kowace ƙonewa. Samfuran ba sa ƙonewa har zuwa maƙallin riƙewa, suna digawa da kunna audugar, ko kuma suna da haske bayan fiye da daƙiƙa 60.
94 V-2: Wannan ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan sharuɗɗa kamar V-1, sai dai cewa an bar samfuran su diga su kunna audugar da ke ƙasa da samfurin.
Sauran Dabaru Don Auna Juriyar Konewa
Wata hanya ta auna juriyar ƙona abu ita ce auna ma'aunin iskar oxygen mai iyaka (LOI). LOI shine mafi ƙarancin yawan iskar oxygen da aka bayyana a matsayin kashi na yawan iskar oxygen da nitrogen wanda ke tallafawa ƙonewar abu da farko a zafin ɗaki.
Juriyar manne ga yanayin zafi mai yawa idan gobara ta tashi tana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman banda harshen wuta, hayaki, da kuma tasirin guba. Sau da yawa manne zai kare manne daga wuta. Duk da haka, idan manne ya sassauta ko ya lalace saboda zafin wutar, haɗin zai iya lalacewa wanda zai haifar da rabuwar manne da manne. Idan haka ta faru, manne da kansa zai fallasa tare da manne na biyu. Waɗannan sabbin saman zasu iya ƙara taimakawa ga wutar.
Ana amfani da ɗakin hayaki na NIST (ASTM D2843, BS 6401) sosai a dukkan sassan masana'antu don tantance hayakin da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi da aka haɗa a tsaye a cikin ɗakin rufewa ke samarwa. Ana auna yawan hayaki ta hanyar gani.
Idan aka haɗa manne tsakanin abubuwa biyu, juriyar wuta da kuma yanayin zafi na abubuwan da ke cikin ...
A gwaje-gwajen yawan hayaki, ana iya gwada manne shi kaɗai a matsayin wani abu mai laushi don sanya mummunan yanayi.
Nemo Daidaitaccen Ma'aunin hana harshen wuta
Duba nau'ikan ma'aunin hana harshen wuta iri-iri da ake samu a kasuwa a yau, bincika bayanan fasaha na kowane samfuri, sami taimakon fasaha ko neman samfura.
TF-101, TF-201, TF-AMP
